COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON US AND EU FEDERALISM: IT’S IMPACT ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CIVILIAN AND DEFENCE POLICIES

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON US AND EU FEDERALISM: IT’S IMPACT ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CIVILIAN AND DEFENCE POLICIES

INTRODUCTION
The political system of government adopted by a state has to a great extent determined how public policies are formulated and the extent to which innovative development is reached through an effective conducted research. Thus, the level of centralization and decentralization in the structure of government in place would enable or prevent the central government; i.e. the Executive arm, in formulating and enforcing policies in a wider and innovative perspective. For a Unitary state, there is a high level of centralization of power on the central government. Whereby, other level of government exists through the devolution of power by the central government. Hence, theoretically, the central government has the power to withdraw such power from the created regional or local government.
A federal state exists where the different levels of government acts as a coordinate rather than as a superior- subordinate relationship. In this view Wikipedia, 2006 “The difference between a federation and a unitary state is that in a unitary state the autonomous status of self-governing regions exists at the sufferance of the central government, and may be unilaterally revoked. While it is common for a federation to be brought into being by agreement between a number of formally independence states, in a unitary state self- governing regions are often created through a process of devolution, where a formerly centralized state agrees to grant autonomy to a region that was previously entirely subordinate. Thus, federations are often established voluntarily from ‘below’ whereas devolution grants self-government from ‘above’”. Under a federal setting, three types of intergovernmental relationships (IGRs) are recognized: inclusive, overlapping, and separated intergovernmental relationship. In the inclusive IGR model, the federated state operates a structure where the local governments operate not as an autonomous body;.................


Number of Pages: 11
Numbers of References: 12
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